Access
Further information: Rupnagar and Ropar
The wetland is located close to the Rupnagar city, 45 km northwest of Chandigarh City, in Roopnagar and Nawanshahr districts of Punjab. Chandigarh is the nearest airport, which connects to the rest of India.
History
Further information: Rupnagar and Ropar
An archaeological museum of the Archaeological Survey of India at Ropar has displays of the antiquities unearthed during the excavations of mound in the area along with photographs displaying excavation material. The Museum depicts a sequence of six cultural periods or phases, with some breaks from Harappan times to the present day, found in the 21 metre high ancient mound known as Nalagarh Tibbi overlaying the Shiwalik (also spelt Sivalik) deposition on the left bank of the Satluj River where it emerges into the plains. A deep well with a stone inscription of Emperor Shah Jahan (A.D. 1627-1658) has been located at the foot of the mound. The excavations have established that advanced civilization similar to the Harappa and Mohenjodaro Civilization prospered in Ropar town, an integral part of the wetland.
The wetland area has also a modern history in respect of Anglo – Sikh relations. On 26 October 1831, sitting under the shade of an old ficus tree on the bank of Sutlej River, Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Lord William Bentinck, the British Governor General signed an agreement defining the Anglo – Sikh relations and territories.
Topography
The total area covered by the Wetland is 1365 ha, which includes 800 ha area of the river and the reservoir, 30 ha of forest area named as Sadavarat Forest and 30 ha under marshy plants. The wetland is surrounded by hills in the North West and by plain area in the South and South East. Agricultural crops such as wheat, rice, sugarcane, sorgum etc., are grown in the farm lands in the area surrounding the wetland but the hills have thin vegetation and are exposed to intensive grazing.
Hydrology
Climatically, the drainage area of the wetland falls under semi-arid zone of Punjab with mean annual rainfall of 1518 mm. Initially, in the year 1882, a small headwork was constructed on the right bank of Sutlej River, near Ropar town, to supply water to Sirhind Canal. Subsequently in 1952 a head regulator was constructed to divert water not only to the Bist Doab Canal but also to Sirhind Canal and to the Bhakra Main Canal (upstream of the wetland), for irrigation, industrial and domestic use.
Water quality
Water Quality that determines the health of ecosystem of the wetland was monitored by the Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB) in the year 1998-99. The water quality was reported to be of ‘A’ category as the river entered into Punjab and deteriorated to ‘D’ category downstream of Ropar Lake, mainly due to the industrial effluents from a number of factories and industrial units. Further studies on physico-chemical analysis of important parameters, biological estimations as well as pesticide residue analysis have been initiated.
Flora and fauna
The wetland is rich in flora and fauna which are categorized below.
Flora
A total of 19 species of trees and 14 species of bushes and grasses are recorded. Of these, the tree species are 1) Acacia catechu, 2) Ameles modesta, 3)Acacia nilotica, 4) Albizzia lebbek 5) Azadirachta indica, 6)Bombax ceiba, 7) Cassia fistula, 8) Dalbergia sissoo 9) Eucalyptus tereticornis, 10) Ficus benghalensis, 11)Ficus religiosa, 12) Mangifera indica, 13)Melia azedarach, 14) Moringa oleifera, 15) Morus indica, 16) Prosopis juliflora, 17) Salix willow, 18)Syzygium cumini (Jambul) and 19) Zizyphus jujuba.
Aqua fauna
Wetland is a major source of fisheries since large species of fishes have been recorded; some of the commercially important ones are:
Rohu; Labeo gonius Seerha]]; Labeo calbasu Kalbans or Dhai; Labeo dero Gid; Labeo dyocheilus (Kunni); Catla catla Thal; Cirrhinus mrigala Mori; Puntius sarana Puthi; Cyprinus carpio communis (Common Carp); Cyprinus carpio spacularis (Mirror carp); Ceenopharyngodon idelle (Grass Carp); Wallago attu Mali]]; Aorichthys seenghala Sangarha; Mastacembelus armatus Sam (Tire track eel); Ambasis ranga Shisha Mach; Channa punctatus Dolla (Snake headed fish); and Channa striata Curd.
Four species of Amphibia (Frogs) have been noted.
Avi fauna
Several species of birds have been recorded which include 49 species of local birds, 11 species of migratory birds, 3 species of rare birds and 54 species of common birds. Some of the rare birds among the migratory birds noted are:
Dinopium benghalense; Golden-backed Woodpecker; Megalaima haemacephala; Crimson-breasted barbet; and M. zeylanica Green barbet
Fauna
Two species of tortoise viz., Geoclemys hamiltonii and Chitra indica (endangered species), five species of lizards, 11 species of snakes including the threatened specie of Python molurus or Indian python or ajgar are found in the wetland.
Food chain
The food chain in the wetland is basically well balanced as it has both deep water and shallow water characteristics and the ecosystem is stated to be
almost self sufficient and self-regulating.
A Scientific study of the food chain has brought out the following sequence of facts.
Sunlight, pH, inorganic salts, nutrients and dissolved gases are the main abiotic components of the wetland ecosystems with the organic matter caused by the death and decay of animals and plants accumulating at the bottom of the lake
Decomposition at the bottom of the lake takes place due to a variety of heterotrophic microbes such as bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi; Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp., Curvularia sp., Paecilomyces sp., Saprolegnia sp. etc. are main species causing the decomposition
The producers of organic matter are the eutrophic green plants and some photosynthetic bacteria; the rooted submerged, floating and emergent hydrophytes being the Typha sp., Eleocharis sp., Sagittaria sp., Nymphaea sp., Potamogeton sp., Vallisneria sp., Eichhornia sp., Lemna sp. etc. and minute, floating or suspended lower plants like filamentous algae, diatoms, chlorococcales and flagellates.
Herbivores such as the mollusks, crustaceans, rotifers and some insects are the primary consumers which feed directly on plants.
Plant remains and organic matter nourish Detrivores like the Chironomidae sp., mollusks, mites, some crustaceans and small fishes
Marginal rooted macrophytes are consumed by mammals such as buffaloes, cows etc which frequent the shores of the lake
Hydrophytes are also the food source of some birds
Carnivores like the Predator beetles and bugs, dragonflies are the secondary consumers which feed on insects, mollusks, rotifers and crustaceans. Carnivorous fishes also belong to this category
Large carnivorous fishes and birds are the tertiary consumers which feed on small fishes and insects.
Top most consumer level is that of the human being and the fish eating birds, which feed mainly on fishes
Adverse impacts on the wetland
Over the years several adverse impacts on the quality of the wetland have been reported. Some of the important ones which invited remedial actions are:
Acute problems of siltation from the adjoining barren and fragile hills. Bare hills of the catchment are subject to continuous erosion leading to shrinkage of wetland area.
Unwarranted interference with the resident and migratory birds
Unauthorized fishing and poaching of wildlife causing damage to species
Increase in effluents from industrializatation in the upstream area of the wetland, such as the Fertilizer plant at Nangal and Thermal Power Plant at Ropar
Effluents of chemical pollutants like agrochemical residues run off, industrial effluents and sewage from some towns in the upper reaches of the wetland
Growth of Invasive weeds
Restoration measures
The Punjab State Council for Science & Technology has evolved several conservation programmes with support from the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoE&F) of the Govt of India. Some of the programmes implemented include mass awareness campaigns and promotion of public participation in the wetland conservation. A few of the measures planned and under various stages of implementation are:
Afforestation and soil conservation in the highly erosion prone catchment areas of the wetland,
To erect chain-link fencing of strategic areas of the wetland to prevent exploitation of vital wetland resources and prevent encroachments of the wetland
detailed survey, including remote sensing survey and preparation of comprehensive maps
Detailed taxonomic studies of plant and animal species
Introduce fish species sustain fragile relationship between the Fish level and the other biotic resources like birds and primary producers and to set up new fish seed farms in addition to refurbish the existing ponds.
Economic assessment
Gallery
Indian python (Python molurus molurus, Near threatened species)
Ficus tree or fig tree
Golden Shower Tree (Cassia fistula)
Bombax ceiba (Cotton tree)
Wallago attu, a species of catfish
Coppersmith Barbet (Megalaima haemacephala)
Geoclemys hamiltonii (Spotted Pond turtle)
See also
Wetland
Kanjli Wetland
Harike Wetland
References
^ a b c d e f g “Inventory of Wetlands.” Ropar Reservoir, pp. 380-403. Retrieved on 12 November 2008.
^ a b “Ropar Lake.” World Wide Fund for Nature. 24 May 2006. Retrieved on 12 November 2008.
^ a b c d e f g h “Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS).” 12 April 2001. Retrieved on 12 November 2008.
^ “The List of Wetlands of International Importance” (DOC). The Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands. 31 October 2008. Retrieved on 12 November 2008.
^ a b “Places of Interest, Rupnagar.” Gazetter Rupnagar, Chapter 19. Punjab Department of Revenue. 1987. Retrieved on 12 November 2008.
Categories: Wetlands of India | Ramsar sites in India | Geography of Punjab (India) | Lakes of Punjab (India)
